
Japanese Internment in the USA
RELIGION
1. Buddhism
INTERNAL FIELD OF REFERENCE
Hover over me!
Excerpt: "This information brought him closer to me, and I listened with interest later when it was told that he kept here in his apartment a small shrine, much more intricately constructed than that kept by the usual Buddhist household, before which, at regular hours of the day, he offered incense and chanted, tinkling (in lieu of the gong) a small bell." (pg103)
Miss Sasagawara’s father kept a small shrine in his home in the internment camp. Before he and his daughter were sent to camp, he made a living by working as a mourner at Buddhist funerals.
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EXTERNAL FIELD OF REFERENCE
Hover over me!
In the camp, the community has different beliefs and religions as there is the existence of Buddhism and Christianity at the same time.
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2. Christianity
INTERNAL FIELD OF REFERENCE
Hover over me!
Excerpt: "The fruits of Miss Sasagawara's patient labor were put on show at the Block Christmas party, the second such observance in camp. Again, it was a gay, if odd, celebration." (pg110)
Christmas was celebrated by the Japanese-Americans who live on camp, showing that there are some members of the camp who are Christians. Although there is some evidence that leads readers to believe that non-Christians are welcomed to the celebration as well.
EXTERNAL FIELD OF REFERENCE
Hover over me!
In the camp, the community has different beliefs and religions as there is the existence of Buddhism and Christianity at the same time.

Maryknoll Sisters visiting their former wards at Santa Anita (California) Assembly Center.

Mass was celebrated and other Catholic religious activities carried on at all the Centers. A Catholic Mass at Santa Anita (California) Assembly Center.

A Christian minister conducting services in the grandstand at Santa Anita (California) Assembly Center.

Maryknoll Sisters visiting their former wards at Santa Anita (California) Assembly Center.
CULTURAL
Dojo Sukui
Internal Field of Reference
Excerpt: "… and the chief cook came out with an ample saucepan and, assisted by the waitresses, performed the familiar dojo-sukui, the comic dance about a man who is merely trying to scoop up a few loaches from an uncooperative lake." (pg110)
External Field of Reference
Dojo Sukui is a 300-years-old comical and well-known folk dance about a silly fisher who kept getting distracted by the mud splashing in his face, getting bitten by leeches, or his loaches getting away while he was digging for them. Usually, the dance is performed with the cries of a-ra-essassa! from “Yasugi-bushi”
Although there is no direct mention of ‘Dojo Sukui’ in the ‘Final Report Japanese Evacuation From the West Coast 1942’, other cultural activities such as Judo wrestling, sumo matches,and American style matches have taken place on camp.

A group of young evacuees receiving instruction in Jiu Jitsui, or Judo wrestling, at Portland (Oregon) Assembly Center, while rest of class look on.

A sumo match at Santa Anita (California) Assembly Center, with the referee in traditional costume. Sumo, another form of Japanese type wrestling, was a favorite activity at the Centers.

Action in an American style wrestling match at Santa Anita (California) Assembly Center.

A group of young evacuees receiving instruction in Jiu Jitsui, or Judo wrestling, at Portland (Oregon) Assembly Center, while rest of class look on.
Christmas Gathering
Internal Field of Reference
Excerpt: "The fruits of Miss Sasagawara's patient labor were put on show at the Block Christmas party, the second such observance in camp. Again, it was a gay, if odd, celebration. The mess hall was hung with red and green crepe-paper streamers and the greyish mistletoe that grew abundantly on the ancient mesquite surrounding the camp. There were even electric decorations on the token Christmas tree." (pg110)
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In The Legend of Miss Sasagawara, a Christmas celebration was carried out.
External Field of Reference
Excerpt: "As early as April 7, 1942, the Director, Wartime Civil Control Administration, was in touch with religious activities within the Centers. Recognized were three general groups: The Christians, with their two general classifications of Protestant and Catholic..."(Page 211)
Religious activities of Christians such as Christmas, Mass celebrations and Holy Communion were recognized by the Director, Wartime Civil Control Administration.
Civilian internees at a Christmas party in a Civilian internment camp in Japan
Granada Relocation Center, Amache, Colorado. There aren't any Christmas trees for the barracks room homes of these children in a Relocation Center. A Granada merchant, a former evacuee, provided each mess hall in the center with a tree, and so these children have made paper trimmings for the block community tree. Churches all over the country sent toys and gifts to the ten relocation centers, and some of these will be under this tree to make Christmas real for these children of Japanese ancestry.
Christmas at Heart Mountain: Interned Japanese-Americans still managed to celebrate holiday
Funeral Procession at Buddhist Temple
Internal Field of Reference
Excerpt: "Dimly I recalled the inside of the Buddhist temple in Los Angeles, an immense, murky auditorium whose high and huge platform had held, centered in the background, a great golden shrine touched with black and white. Below this platform, Grandfather, veiled by gauze, had slept in a long, grey box which just fitted him. There had been flowers, oh, such flowers, everywhere. And right in front of Grand- father's box had been the incense stand, upon which squatted two small bowls, one with a cluster of straw-thin sticks sending up white tendrils of smoke, the other containing a heap of coarse, grey powder. Each mourner in turn had gone up to the stand, bowing once, his palms touching in prayer, before he reached it; had bent in prayer over the stand; had taken then a pinch of incense from the bowl of crumbs and, bowing over it reverently, cast it into the other, the active bowl; had bowed, the hands praying again; had retreated a few steps and bowed one last time, the hands still joined, before returning to his seat." (Page 103)
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Kiku's grandfather's funeral procession was described in The Legend of Miss Sasagawara.
External Field of Reference
Excerpt: "Like the Christian bodies, the Buddhists organized immediately after arrival at the Centers." (Page 213)
In the final Report of Japanese Evacuation, the Buddhist evacuee will organize the funeral procedure immediately after the body arrives at the center. (page 213)
Japanese-American Rinban Kankai Izuhara at the altar in the Buddhist church at Heart Mountain.
Hiroshima Dialect
Internal Field of Reference
Excerpt: "The oldest occupant of the bachelors' dormitory gave a tremulous monologue in an exaggerated Hiroshima dialect, … (pg110)
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In The Legend of Miss Sasagawara, the evacuees used the Hiroshima dialect to communicate.